Hukum Susuan dalam Islam: Bila Anak Susuan Menjadi MahramThe Fiqh of Breastfeeding in Islam: When a Milk-Child Becomes Mahram

Susuan (radha'ah) bukan sekadar sumber pemakanan bayi — dalam Islam, ia boleh mewujudkan satu ikatan kekeluargaan yang kekal. Apabila memenuhi syarat tertentu, seorang bayi yang menyusu daripada seorang wanita akan menjadi mahram kepadanya dan kepada keluarganya, iaitu haram berkahwin antara mereka selama-lamanya. Panduan ini menghuraikan hukum susuan mengikut al-Quran dan sunnah: apa itu radha'ah, dalil susuan mengharamkan perkahwinan, dua syarat penting agar anak susuan menjadi mahram, siapa yang tergolong sebagai mahram susuan, serta perbezaan antara anak susuan dan anak kandung. Breastfeeding (radha'ah) is not merely a source of an infant's nourishment — in Islam it can establish a permanent family bond. When certain conditions are met, an infant who nurses from a woman becomes her mahram and a mahram to her family, meaning marriage between them is forbidden forever. This guide explains the fiqh of breastfeeding according to the Quran and Sunnah: what radha'ah is, the evidence that breastfeeding forbids marriage, the two key conditions for a milk-child to become mahram, who counts as a milk-relative, and how a milk-child differs from a biological child.

1. Apa Itu Radha'ah (Susuan) & Kepentingannya1. What is Radha'ah (Breastfeeding) & Its Importance

Radha'ah bermaksud penyusuan — iaitu perbuatan seorang bayi menyusu susu badan seorang wanita. Islam mengharuskan seorang wanita menyusukan bayi yang bukan anak kandungnya. Keharusan ini amat penting dalam banyak keadaan: apabila seorang ibu meninggal dunia, atau berpenyakit sehingga tidak mampu menyusukan anaknya, atau susunya tidak mencukupi — maka bayi itu boleh disusukan oleh wanita lain yang sihat. Dengan cara ini, hak pemakanan dan kasih sayang bayi tetap terpelihara. Radha'ah means breastfeeding — the act of an infant nursing at a woman's breast. Islam permits a woman to breastfeed an infant who is not her own biological child. This permission is deeply important in many situations: when a mother passes away, or is too ill to nurse her baby, or her milk is insufficient — the infant may then be nursed by another healthy woman. In this way the child's right to nourishment and affection is preserved.

Asas penyusuan disebut jelas dalam al-Quran. Allah SWT menetapkan tempoh penyusuan yang sempurna selama dua tahun: The foundation of breastfeeding is stated clearly in the Quran. Allah SWT sets the complete term of breastfeeding at two years:

Al-Quran turut mengiktiraf bahawa penyusuan boleh dilakukan oleh wanita lain, bukan hanya ibu kandung. Dalam Surah At-Talaq, Allah SWT berfirman bahawa sekiranya timbul kesukaran antara suami isteri (contohnya selepas perceraian), "maka perempuan lain boleh menyusukan anak itu untuknya" (al-Talaq 65:6). Inilah dalil bahawa seorang wanita harus menyusukan bayi yang bukan anaknya — dan daripada keharusan inilah lahirnya hukum-hukum susuan yang akan kita bincangkan. The Quran also acknowledges that breastfeeding may be carried out by another woman, not only the birth mother. In Surah at-Talaq, Allah SWT states that if difficulty arises between a husband and wife (for instance after divorce), "then another woman may breastfeed the child for him" (at-Talaq 65:6). This is the evidence that a woman may nurse an infant who is not her own — and it is from this permission that the rulings of radha'ah we will discuss arise.

2. Dalil Susuan Mengharamkan Perkahwinan2. The Evidence That Breastfeeding Forbids Marriage

Susuan bukan perkara kecil dalam Islam. Apabila cukup syaratnya, ia mewujudkan hubungan mahram yang sama kuatnya seperti hubungan nasab (keturunan). Asasnya datang terus daripada al-Quran. Dalam senarai wanita yang haram dikahwini, Allah SWT menyebut secara khusus ibu susuan dan saudara sesusuan: Breastfeeding is no small matter in Islam. When its conditions are met, it establishes a mahram relationship as strong as a blood-lineage (nasab) relationship. Its foundation comes directly from the Quran. In the list of women forbidden in marriage, Allah SWT specifically mentions the milk-mother and the milk-sister:

Rasulullah ﷺ kemudian menjelaskan satu kaedah umum yang menyeluruh — bahawa segala pertalian yang menjadi haram melalui keturunan, turut menjadi haram melalui susuan. Diriwayatkan daripada Sayyidatina Aishah RA, sabda Baginda ﷺ: The Prophet ﷺ then explained a comprehensive general principle — that every relationship made unlawful through lineage is likewise made unlawful through breastfeeding. It is narrated from Sayyidatina Aishah RA that the Prophet ﷺ said:

3. Syarat Anak Susuan Menjadi Mahram3. Conditions for a Milk-Child to Become Mahram

Tidak semua penyusuan mewujudkan hubungan mahram. Para ulama menggariskan dua syarat utama yang mesti dipenuhi sebelum seorang bayi disahkan menjadi anak susuan yang haram dikahwini: Not every instance of breastfeeding creates a mahram relationship. The scholars outline two main conditions that must be met before an infant is confirmed as a milk-child who is forbidden in marriage:

Syarat pertama — umur bayi tidak melebihi dua tahun. Susuan yang mengharamkan perkahwinan hanya berlaku semasa bayi masih kecil, iaitu dalam tempoh dua tahun Qamari (kalendar Hijrah) yang pertama — ketika susu benar-benar menjadi sumber pemakanan dan pertumbuhan bayi. Ini berdasarkan firman Allah tentang tempoh susuan dua tahun (al-Baqarah 2:233), dan diperkukuh oleh sabda Rasulullah ﷺ: Condition one — the infant is no older than two years. Breastfeeding that forbids marriage only takes effect while the child is still an infant, within the first two Qamari (Hijri) years — when milk is genuinely the source of the baby's nourishment and growth. This is based on Allah's words on the two-year term (al-Baqarah 2:233), and reinforced by the saying of the Prophet ﷺ:

Maksud hadis ini: susuan yang memberi kesan hukum ialah susuan yang menghilangkan lapar dan membina tubuh bayi — iaitu ketika ia masih kecil dan bergantung sepenuhnya kepada susu. Susuan selepas anak besar (melebihi dua tahun) tidak lagi mewujudkan hubungan mahram. The meaning of this hadith: the breastfeeding that carries a legal effect is that which removes hunger and builds the infant's body — that is, while the child is still small and fully dependent on milk. Nursing after the child has grown (beyond two years) no longer establishes a mahram relationship.

Syarat kedua — lima kali susuan yang mengenyangkan. Bilangan susuan yang diperlukan ialah lima kali yang berasingan dan mengenyangkan. Ini berdasarkan hadis Sayyidatina Aishah RA: Condition two — five satisfying feeds. The number of feeds required is five separate, satisfying nursings. This is based on the hadith of Sayyidatina Aishah RA:

Hukum asalnya sepuluh kali susuan, tetapi kemudian dimansukhkan (diubah) menjadi lima kali. Setiap susuan dikira apabila bayi menyusu sehingga kenyang lalu berhenti dengan sendirinya — seperti apabila ia melepaskan puting kerana puas atau tertidur. Sekiranya bayi berhenti kerana sebab lain seperti termuntah, ketawa, atau leka bermain, maka ia belum dikira satu susuan yang sempurna. Kelima-lima susuan itu hendaklah berlaku dalam tempoh usia bayi bawah dua tahun. The original ruling was ten feeds, but it was later abrogated (naskh) to five. Each feed counts when the infant nurses until full and stops on its own — such as when it releases the nipple out of satisfaction or falls asleep. If the infant stops for another reason such as spitting up, laughing, or being distracted at play, it does not yet count as one complete feed. All five feeds should occur while the infant is under two years of age.

4. Kesan: Siapa Menjadi Mahram (Haram Dikahwini)4. The Effect: Who Becomes Mahram (Forbidden in Marriage)

Apabila kedua-dua syarat di atas dipenuhi, hubungan mahram terbentuk. Sama seperti nasab, ia bukan sahaja melibatkan wanita yang menyusukan tetapi merangkumi seluruh "keluarga susuan". Berikut ialah golongan yang menjadi mahram (haram dikahwini) melalui susuan: When both conditions above are met, the mahram relationship is formed. Just like lineage, it involves not only the woman who nursed the child but the entire "milk-family". The following become mahram (forbidden in marriage) through breastfeeding:

5. Perkara yang Halal kerana Penyusuan5. What Becomes Permissible Through Breastfeeding

Hubungan mahram susuan bukan sekadar larangan — ia juga membawa keharusan (rukhsah) yang memudahkan urusan kekeluargaan. Oleh sebab mahram susuan dianggap seperti keluarga sendiri, maka harus: The milk-mahram relationship is not merely a set of prohibitions — it also brings permissions (rukhsah) that ease family life. Because milk-mahram are regarded like one's own family, it is permissible to:

• Melihat mahram susuan (dalam batas yang dibenarkan syarak) sebagaimana adik-beradik sendiri.Look at a milk-mahram (within the limits allowed by the Shariah) as one would one's own siblings.
• Duduk dan bergaul bersama mereka tanpa dianggap berdua-duaan (khalwat).Sit and mix with them without it being counted as unlawful seclusion (khalwat).
• Bermusafir bersama mahram susuan, sebagaimana seorang wanita boleh bermusafir bersama mahramnya.Travel together with a milk-mahram, just as a woman may travel with her mahram.

6. Beza Anak Susuan & Anak Kandung (Ringkas)6. Milk-Child vs. Biological Child (In Brief)

Walaupun anak susuan menjadi mahram, kedudukannya tidak sama sepenuhnya dengan anak kandung. Dua perbezaan utama: bapa susuan tidak boleh menjadi wali nikah kepada anak perempuan susuannya, dan anak susuan tidak mewarisi pusaka (walaupun harta boleh dihibahkan kepadanya). Perkara ini kerap dikelirukan dengan status anak angkat. Although a milk-child becomes mahram, their standing is not entirely the same as a biological child. Two key differences: a milk-father cannot act as a marriage guardian (wali) for his milk-daughter, and a milk-child does not inherit (although wealth may be gifted to them via hibah). This is often confused with the status of an adopted child.

Untuk perbincangan lanjut tentang perbezaan ini — termasuk isu wali, pusaka, dan bagaimana ia berbeza daripada anak angkat — baca artikel Anak Angkat vs Anak Susuan: Mahram, Wali & Pusaka. For a fuller discussion of these differences — including the issues of guardianship, inheritance, and how it differs from adoption — read the article Adopted Child vs. Milk-Child: Mahram, Guardianship & Inheritance.

7. Susuan Ikut Syariat di An-Nur7. Breastfeeding the Shariah Way at An-Nur

Hospital Pakar An-Nur ialah hospital pakar patuh syariah pertama di Malaysia. Kami memahami bahawa penyusuan bukan sekadar urusan kesihatan, tetapi juga melibatkan hukum-hakam yang penting bagi keluarga Muslim. Persekitaran kami menyokong ibu untuk menyusukan bayi dengan tenang dan terjaga — dengan doktor serta jururawat wanita untuk pesakit Muslimah, penjagaan aurat yang rapi, dan suasana yang mesra ibadah. An-Nur Specialist Hospital is Malaysia's first Shariah-compliant specialist hospital. We understand that breastfeeding is not merely a health matter, but also involves important rulings for Muslim families. Our environment supports mothers to nurse their babies calmly and with dignity — with female doctors and nurses for Muslim patients, careful preservation of aurah, and a worship-friendly atmosphere.

Jika anda sedang menyusukan bayi orang lain, atau merancang untuk berbuat demikian, adalah penting mencatat dan menjejak susuan bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan mahram di kemudian hari. Terokai juga panduan berkaitan: jenis-jenis susu & cetusan laktasi (induced lactation) dari sudut hukum, perbezaan anak angkat & anak susuan (mahram, wali & pusaka), dan sunnah menyambut kelahiran bayi. Untuk sokongan menyusu, baca punca susu ibu berkurang & bila perlu jumpa perunding laktasi, atau lihat Pakej Bersalin Patuh Syariah An-Nur. If you are breastfeeding another person's child, or planning to do so, it is important to record and track the feeds to avoid confusion over mahram ties later. Explore related guides too: types of milk & induced lactation from a fiqh perspective, the difference between an adopted child & a milk-child (mahram, guardianship & inheritance), and the sunnahs of welcoming a newborn. For breastfeeding support, read the causes of low milk supply & when to see a lactation consultant, or view An-Nur's Shariah-Compliant Maternity Packages.

Soalan Lazim (FAQ)Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

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• Sunnah Menyambut Kelahiran Bayi: Panduan IslamSunnahs of Welcoming a Newborn: An Islamic Guide
• Pakej Bersalin Patuh Syariah Hospital Pakar An-NurShariah-Compliant Maternity Packages at An-Nur Specialist Hospital